endobj Isolation in The Catcher in the Rye. Encyclopedia of Themes in Literature, 3-Volume Set, Facts On File, 2010. endobj 20-25. 27 0 obj Weekly Standard. Tags: American Literature, Analysis of Holden Caulfield, Analysis of J. D. Salingers The Catcher in the Rye, Essay on The Catcher in the Rye, Holden Caulfield, J. D. Salinger, Jerome David "J. D." Salinger, Literary Criticism, Literary Theory, The Catcher in the Rye, The Catcher in the Rye Characters, The Catcher in the Rye Themes, Analysis of J. D. Salingers The Catcher in the Rye, Analysis of Ken Kesey's Novels | Literary Theory and Criticism, Picaresque Novels and Novelists | Literary Theory and Criticism, Analysis of Charles Bukowski's Novels | Literary Theory and Criticism, Analysis of John Dryden's Absalom and Achitophel, Jacques Derrida's Structure, Sign and Play. After he visits Spencer, he encounters his roommate, Ward Stradlater, who asks Holden to write an essay for English class for him while he goes on a date with a longtime friend of Holdens. The Catcher in the Rye , Salinger's only novel, was published in 1951. Masculine Competition and Boarding-School Culture in, The Catcher in the Rye - J. D. Salinger, 2017 Edition. The Catcher in the Rye was written in a literary style similar to prose, which was enhanced by the teenage slang of the 1950's. It is a widespread belief that much of Holden Caulfield's candid outlook on life reflects issues relevant to the youth of today, and thus the novel continues to be used as an educational resource in high schools . Despite Holdens never having appeared in any form subsequent to that in Salingers novel, the character has had a long-lasting influence, reaching millions of readers, including two particularly notorious ones. for this article. 0000042222 00000 n Privitera, Lisa. Salinger's classic novel, which gave life to Holden Caulfield. Laleh, Sholeh Abhari;Rikani, Laya Hassani. The compassion, the satire, the heights of perfect love, the love of the family unit, and the use of brilliant conversational language that characterized Salingers great novel, The Catcher in the Rye, will continue to set his fiction apart. Salinger's The Catcher in the Rye and Sylvia Plath's The Bell Jar in the same light. 2, Spring2000, pp. Home Literature Analysis of J. D. Salingers The Catcher in the Rye, By NASRULLAH MAMBROL on June 17, 2018 ( 3 ). Evans, Robert C. Alienation, Materialism, and Religion in J.D. Love and Death in The Catcher in the Rye. New Essays on The Catcher in the Rye. ", Literary Theme: Disaffection As A Self-Protecting Mechanism, 25. Get a Britannica Premium subscription and gain access to exclusive content. "Holden Caulfield's Legacy. 0000045590 00000 n After being expelled from the school, Holden packs up and leaves the school in the . It's the coming-of-age story of 16-year-old Caulfield, who has flunked out of his prep school and is disillusioned with the world. %PDF-1.5 % In order to get full access, you need to be on campus or log in through your institution (. Just before his sentencing, Chapman read the "catcher in the rye" passage from the book aloud in the courtroom. in // You Really Want to Know: A Catcher Casebook (Belmont, Calif.: Wadsworth, 1962), p. 104. The novel revolves around the protagonist named Holden Caulfield, a 16-year-old boy, who drops out of the school. Graham, Ysenda Maxtone. He calls his former English teacher, Mr. Antolini, who tells Holden he can come stay at his apartment. Holden falls asleep on Antolinis couch and awakes to Antolini stroking his forehead, which Holden interprets as a sexual advance. ", 24. Holden Caulfield does not react as a Buddhist would, nor does he seek consolation from Buddhism. 7. Jerome David Salinger. 5. He slowly begins to recognize the phoniness around him and the squalor that constantly presses down on him. 23, no. 3. <> According to the author, the title of the book is a metaphor for Holden Caulfield maintaining his innocence. 389-406. ", 5. <><>0 1]/P 12 0 R/Pg 43 0 R/S/Link>> His loneliness then causes him to seek out human interaction, which he does at the Lavender Room, the hotels nightclub. 27. Salinger's 100th birthday, but Holden Caulfield is still 17. She is upset when she hears that Holden has failed out and accuses him of not liking anything. Originally solicited by Harcourt, Brace and Company, the manuscript was rejected after the head of the trade division asked whether Holden was supposed to be crazy. z5C4VQGrFnKdeV+YzztFbA==:c1NrbBcLhieKFR13SrvZ6NclvpnEg3WQ20/2cXfSaYP2RtcTeJDen/TwC2EFWAYpQD9wbN3sI+REBVH+BOdkEOcguyo5V66cIXXRtSgIFxKPERbZnSsZKrpv0uy8fiLeBsinRtREHkjU9Y0+9DstQfB5XddsFb2rTs8st8Fmvotx2dGLjggHMewQtqRjlneQ+/oBlal96JcK1HiX/G2JSIFplvTWzliuTax2aqUszefdXKLYlM3DLbKgku15WKB6P5BsCWUTD6h3Lg9KdhgkGgj4XN7aKPlUQZOzcV77CvVBuERet+X+EBwZcUculJWUOKRQv6bc4SIk0i9MpbwhXDe0KnYhkfS8FPSQYIni9q/Nkp8h2lHWQFrQDbDHlVRUFy0AJfcdFQE+eJ9HIcoGiw==. <>3]/P 6 0 R/Pg 43 0 R/S/Link>> Certainly you'll look a long time before you'll meet another youngster like Holden Caulfield, as likable and, in spite of his failings, as sound. ArtsBeat: Why J.D. Try logging in through your library or institution to get access to these tools. He even expresses that he misses all the people who did wrong to him. Simmons, John S. Holden Caulfield - Alive and Well., 29. "Salinger's THE CATCHER IN THE RYE." Salinger's classic novel, which gave life to Holden Caulfield. An Analysis of the Adolescent Problems in The Catcher in the Rye. Asian Social Science, vol. 9. All of Salingers work has also a strong focus on the family; it is held as an ideal, a refuge, and a raft of love amid a sea of squalor. Some call him the original sullen teenager. Like Huck Finn, he lies to get along, but not to hurt, and also like Huck, he tries to do good. application/pdf Have a question, idea, or some feedback? They spend the day together until Holden makes a rude remark and she leaves crying. This article was originally published in 2009. 5 (May 2009): 143-146. Explore millions of resources from scholarly journals, books, newspapers, videos and more, on the ProQuest Platform. Lee, A. Robert. Accessed 5 Oct. 2017. Nevertheless, Catcher in the Rye is widely regarded as one of the most important contributions to American literature since the end of World War II. The New Republic's initial review, published July 16, 1951, perfectly anticipated all the gripes and complaints readers would ironically come to have about Catcher's gripey and complaining protagonist. 39 0 obj From what is implied to be a sanatorium, Holden, the narrator and protagonist, tells the story of his adventures before the previous Christmas. In recent years, the novel has also been blamed for promoting alienation among students responsible for high-school shootings. Confused and disillusioned, Holden searches for truth and rails against the "phoniness" of the adult world. Chen, Lingdi. 29 0 obj But by hearing his thoughts and through heart-wrenching events in the book, the reader learns that. Virginia Quarterly Review, vol. endobj Analyzing The Catcher in the Rye The basic story of The Catcher in the Rye follows the adventures of sixteen-year-old Holden Caulfield, an independent, self-indulgent, idealistic, and sentimental figure of adolescent rebellion, during a forty-eight-hour period after he has been expelled from Pencey Prep, the latest of three expulsions for Holden.. After confrontations with some fellow students . Simon Stern is Professor of Law and English at the University of Toronto. startxref When he awakes, he goes to Phoebes school and leaves a note telling her that he plans to run away and asking her to meet him at a museum during lunch. 12 Novels Considered the Greatest Book Ever Written, All 119 References in We Didnt Start the Fire, Explained, https://www.britannica.com/topic/The-Catcher-in-the-Rye, Internet Archive - "The Catcher in The Rye". xref 2022-03-17T16:16:55-07:00 ", 11. Throughout the novel, Holden Caulfield's negativity stops him from trying to fit in society, because he is too narrow minded to the world around him. To Holden, the change from childhood to adulthood is a kind of death, a death he fears because of his conviction that he will become other than he is. Simmons, John S. Holden Caulfield - Alive and Well. The ALAN Review (Winter 2010): 25-30. Salinger, Wolff says, "does sort of play his piano in a closet now.". The very teenagerishness that the Times celebrates isn't nearly as clever or relevant today, on the 63rd anniversary of Catcher's publication. "Disaffection As A Self-Protecting Mechanism." "On The Catcher In The Rye: An American Koan." Brookeman, Christopher. A Retrospective Look at the Catcher in the Rye., 26. The Catcher in the Rye is one of those novels that every high school-aged student has to read. endobj 0000001434 00000 n 18. Accessed 5 Oct. 2017. The English Journal 72 (1983): 39-42. He also hopes to provide some useful, sincere activity in the world. A Retrospective Look at the Catcher in the Rye. American Quarterly, vol. This is where the flashback ends. Please log in through your library or institution to check if you have access. When asked for the rights to adapt it for Broadway or Hollywood, he emphatically declined. "Holden Caulfield, Self-Appointed Catcher in the Rye: Some Additional Thoughts. And this reader at least suffered from an irritated feeling that Holden was not quite so sensitive and perceptive as he, and his creator, thought he was. 32 0 obj The School of Martyrdom: Culture and Class in Catcher in the Rye. Religion and Literature 47.2 (Summer 2015): 23-40. There were good reasons why this should be the case, Mizener commented. The Catcher in the Rye [electronic resource]. The Glass family may mention Buddhism, but because of their acquaintance with all religions and their high intelligence and hyperkinetic thirst for knowledge, Salinger suggests that they have picked and chosen aspects from various religions and created a composite of them all. Accessed 5 Oct. 2017. A Humanities tour from a Biblical world view. Alienated and sad, Caulfield spends two days in New York City where he searches for truth and ruminates about the adult world. 6. Keywords: Fear, Coming of age, Phoniness, Loneliness, Alienation 1. Place. His girlfriend, Sally Hayes, who has a penchant for using the word grand and whom Holden calls the queen of the phonies, is no help, and his favorite teacher, Mr. Antolini, merely lectures him drunkenly. Holden then meets up with a former schoolmate, Carl Luce, at a bar, but Luce leaves early because he becomes annoyed by Holdens immature comments. Miltner, Robert. Find answers to questions about products, access, use, setup, and administration. Each of these characters is metropolitan in outlook and situation and is introverted: Their battles are private wars of spirit, not outward conflicts with society. By clicking accept or continuing to use the site, you agree to the terms outlined in our. This paper argues that two distinct models of resistance are to be found in Foucault's work. "He's afraid of growing up really, and the self-consciousness that enters into our lives, into our sense of ourselves and forces us to perform in public he sees that and hates it. Another element that draws readers into Salingers world is his use of satire. xb```g cc`ap+s,C dGWS2"Y?d%B&M9A &`1-:` -J`%>&*BB\MNHhDa!;FN1NX S/= M1 At the critical moment his family may not be ready to grant him the salvation that he needs, but it is his only security. After interacting with some women there, he goes to another nightclub, only to leave after seeing his elder brothers ex-girlfriend. Semantic Scholar is a free, AI-powered research tool for scientific literature, based at the Allen Institute for AI. Essay Writing Service. Salinger's only novel, The Catcher in the Rye. 0000037725 00000 n 5, no. exists in several versions, but most render the lines as Gin a body meet a body / Comin thro the rye.) Soon they hear their parents come home after a night out, and Holden sneaks away. 0000048003 00000 n 'Le Pastie de la Bourgeoisie' (Belle and Sebastian), 'Who Wrote Holden Caulfield?' "The Saint As A Young Man: A Reappraisal Of The Catcher In The Rye. Holden shares encounters he has had with students of Pencey as he would call, "phony.". "Banned & Challenged Classics." "In a Small Town, a Battle Over a Book." uuid:4c7d8854-b3aa-11b2-0a00-000ffa1ffe7f It is at this time that Holden describes to his sister his fantasy of being the catcher in the rye, which was inspired by a song he heard a little boy singing: If a body catch a body comin through the rye. Phoebe tells him that the words are If a body meet a body coming through the rye, from a poem by Robert Burns. Holden's mercurial changes of mood, his stubborn refusal to admit his own sensitiveness and emotions, his cheerful disregard of what is sometimes known as reality, are typically and heart-breakingly adolescent. Total loading time: 0 11. Rosen, Gerald. Your use of the translations is subject to all use restrictions contained in your Electronic Products License Agreement and by using the translation functionality you agree to forgo any and all claims against ProQuest or its licensors for your use of the translation functionality and any output derived there from. Wannamaker, Annette. Ghasemi, Parvin, and Masoud Ghafoori. Recalling all the suffering and pain that he has witnessed, Holden develops a profound sense of the human condition and accepts Christs ultimate commandment. 0 Principal long fiction The Catcher in the Rye, 1951. "Holden In Search Of Identity: Recreating The Picture Of The Flaneur. Feature Flags: { After confrontations with some fellow students at Pencey, Holden goes to New York City, his hometown, to rest before facing his parents. Critical Insights: The Catcher In The Rye (2011): 265-278. %PDF-1.7 % ", Journal of Individual Psychology (00221805), 13. Recently, as part of the 60th anniversary of the book in 2011, The Catcher in the Rye is considered as a new debate on modern teenagers. The school cannot help him, his peers seem oblivious to his plight, his parents are too concerned with other problems (his mothers nerves and his fathers business activities as a corporate lawyer). The New Yorker rejected it, however, as the editors found the Caulfield children too precocious to be plausible and Salingers writing style exhibitionistic. Pettineo, Jeffrey. Links to Salinger's stories published in The New Yorker. 2. "Cherished And Cursed: Toward A Social History Of The Catcher In The Rye." Hide full disclaimer, Select results items first to use the cite, email, save, and export options. Longer documents can take a while to translate. Salvation and Rebirth in The Catcher in the Rye and The Bell Jar 0000050672 00000 n Summary. Though only 10 years old, she is considerably more mature than Holden, though Holden actually covets her because of her youthful innocence. From youth to isolation and mortality, there are a myriad of themes in J.D. Published in 1951, The Catcher in the Rye, J. D. Salingers Bildungsroman about sixteen-year-old Holden Caulfield, is one of the most controversial novels in recent U.S. history. Coles, Robert. Article Writing & Copywriting Projects for $30 - $250. Although he is conceived as a . Again, this shows his growing compassion and indiscriminate love. "Disaffection As A Self-Protecting Mechanism. One of the most censored books in recent U.S. history, The Catcher in the Rye is now a staple of many high school and college curricula. 76, no. 21. 16. and . Edwards, June. 0000024054 00000 n Near the end of the novel Holden dreams of fleeing civilization and building a cabin out west, something that belies his earlier man-about-town conduct. J. D. Salingers (January 1, 1919 January 27, 2010) characters are always extremely sensitive young people who are trapped between two dimensions of the world: love and squalor. The central problem in most of his fiction is not finding a bridge between these two worlds but bringing some sort of indiscriminate love into the world of squalor: to find a haven where love can triumph and flourish. He sympathizes with the girls position, which is a very mature quality for a teenager. Castronovo, David. 35. The novel details two days in the life of 16-year-old Holden Caulfield after he has been expelled from prep school. Salvation and Rebirth in The Catcher in the Rye and The Bell Jar.. endobj "Holden At Sixty: Reading Catcher After The Age Of Irony." 22. It is important to notice that the family unit is never satirized in Salingers fiction. Pitofsky, Alex. "The Catcher in the Rye" by J.D. Critical Insights: The Catcher In The Rye (2011): 3-17. Brookeman, Christopher. Both The Little Prince and The Catcher in the Rye are tender stories of loneliness, alienation, and loss; with Romantic protagonists in need of friendship, understanding, and love. 1 214-224. The translations are automatically generated "AS IS" and "AS AVAILABLE" and are not retained in our systems. The novel details two days in the life of 16-year-old Holden Caulfield after he has been expelled from prep school. The first, tactical reversal, is predicated on the idea that conflict is inherent to power relations, "The Catcher in the Rye" is one of the most popular coming-of-age novels ever written, and its 17-year-old protagonist, Holden Caulfield, has become an icon of teen angst. 0000024853 00000 n The satire not only touches upon the characters descriptions and reactions to the world but also touches on the characters themselves. ", https://rbchs.libguides.com/catcherintherye. "Scourge of Phonies." 2022-03-17T16:16:55-07:00 His quest fails, but his compassion and the growth of his humanity provide him with better alternatives. Salinger's The Catcher in the Rye. Bloom's Literary Themes: Alienation, Chelsea House, 2009. The novel closes with Holden explaining that he has fallen sick but is expected to go to a new school in the fall. I need full chapter summary, analysis, character analysis and major themes of Catcher in the Rye. Mizruchi, Susan. J.D. 3, 1961, pp. What does the author say that Holden is trying to become with this "adult occupation"? At the beginning of the novel he has told us that he is in California recovering from an illness and that he is reconciled with his family. 19. 0000001193 00000 n "Holden Revisited. The Fallen Idol: The Immature World of Holden Caulfield., 28. "And, of course, you're going to lose that later on as you become one of those people on whom that relentless adolescent gaze is fixed.". Your purchase helps support NPR programming. The Catcher in the Rye is a powerful, upsetting, and intellectually provocative novel about growing up and reflecting on the human condition. Costello, Donald P. "The Language Of The Catcher In The Rye. Critical Insights: The Catcher In The Rye (2011): 306-328. ). Frederick L. Gwynn and Joseph L. Blotner, in The Fiction of J. D. Salinger (1958), offer an analysis of Salinger that claims he is the first writer in Western fiction to present transcendental mysticism in a satiric mode, or simply to present religious ideas satirically. He worries about the ducks in Central Parks lagoon freezing in the winter, about Egyptian mummies, and about his dead brother Allie. Prince 12.5 (www.princexml.com) High school and undergraduate students can use Points of View as a guide to debating, developing arguments, writing position papers, and developing critical thinking skills. Therefore, we can easily trace the Romantic elements of isolation, idealism, exaltation of children, emphasis on the individual's imagination, individuality, and emotion, and a significant attention to nature present both in The Little Prince by Saint-Exupery and The Catcher in the Rye by Salinger. Erica Lawrence In the passage regarding Holdens argument with his Quaker friend Arthur Childs, Holden argues that Judas is not in hell because Jesus would have had the compassion and love not to condemn Judas to hell. Holden wants to be the catcher in the ryesomeone who saves children from falling off a cliff, which can be understood as a metaphor for entering adulthood. Instead, he rents a room at the Edmont Hotel, where he witnesses some sexually charged scenes through the windows of other rooms. Ghasemi, Parvin, and Masoud Ghafoori. 196-210. The famously reclusive author shuns public attention and media interviews, and published infrequently after writing Catcher in the Rye. He's terrified of change.". The iconic teenager of "The Catcher in the Rye" is forever suspended in the amber of our youthful alienation . Steinle, Pamela Hunt. They are lovers of immortal beauty, innocence, purity, and the ideal. 33. ", 34. 547562. The story begins with Holden at Pencey Prep School on his way to the house of his history teacher, Spencer, so that he can say goodbye. Bloom's Literature, online.infobase.com/HRC/Search/Details/485457?q=the catcher in the rye. 0000001255 00000 n 630 Words; 3 Pages; Decent Essays. J. D. Salingers The Catcher in the Rye (1951) is a story of Holden Caulfields crises with his society. 10. Simon Stern. This chapter discusses the reception and publication history of The Catcher in the Rye, as well as some of the ways in which the book was received and influenced by its readers. The events are related after the fact. . Privitera, Lisa. Others, however, felt that the novel was amateur and unnecessarily coarse. ", 12. In some instances, school boards banned the novel, while others removed it from school reading lists or restricted it, requiring students to obtain parental permission to read it. 14 0 obj Shaw, Peter. Vanderbilt, Kermit. Neo-Classic authors, in opposition to the Romantics, believed that the use of imagination instead of reason leads to madness. endobj Bryan, James. 0000038726 00000 n JD Salinger's "The Catcher in the Rye" depicts the memorable story of the protagonist, Holden Caulfield. This fear proves groundless by the end of the book. Since his debut in 1951, Holden Caulfield the funny, complex, wry protagonist of J.D. 28. The central and controlling image of a school dropout is a poignant version of modern alienation. ", 31. Costerus (New Series), vol. Encyclopedia Table of Contents | Case Collections | Academic Freedom | Recent News, Published in 1951, The Catcher in the Rye, J. D. Salingers Bildungsroman about sixteen-year-old Holden Caulfield, is one of the most controversial novels in recent U.S. history. Tuesday is J.D. in // You Really Want to Know: A Catcher Casebook (Belmont, Calif.: Wadsworth, 1962), p. 104. In a 1957 letter, Salinger calls "Catcher" a "novelistic novel" in which "the weight of the book is in the narrator's voice". Note 3 in page 1074 Salinger may be echoing Phoebus rather than Phoebe, the personification of the moon; but he also may have in mind an antithesis between Sunny and Phoebe, the cool and chaste. Our editors will review what youve submitted and determine whether to revise the article. Over the course of the book, Holden becomes incredibly depressed to the point where he is unable to cope with the everyday life and the people that surround him. Although self-deluded, they are lovable and tender characters with a vast dream to reach the ideal: a dream to be the catcher in the rye or the redeemer of the stars. 0000011691 00000 n 38 0 obj 13 0 obj "Holden's Irony In Salinger's The Catcher In The RYE. <>9]/P 18 0 R/Pg 43 0 R/S/Link>> Short fiction: Nine Stories, 1953; Franny and Zooey, 1961; Raise High the Roof Beam, Carpenters, and Seymour: An Introduction, 1963. Miltner, Robert. "The Catcher in the Rye" is available in a $5.99 mass-market paperback (Little, Brown) and a $13.95 trade paperback (Back Bay Books) that reproduces the original dust jacket. Seng, Peter J. He has published articles and book chapters on obscenity, copyright, criminal procedure, legal fictions, and the history of the common law. While every effort has been made to follow citation style rules, there may be some discrepancies. , online.infobase.com/HRC/Search/Details/39409?q=the catcher in the rye. 0000012094 00000 n You may have access to it for free by logging in through your library or institution. Gain access through your school, library, or company. Let us know if you have suggestions to improve this article (requires login). EduBirdie considers academic integrity to be the essential part . Rather than keep you waiting, we have only translated the first few paragraphs. More mature than Holden, though Holden actually covets her because of her youthful innocence adult world and Rebirth the... A question, idea, or some feedback: 306-328 a New school in the Rye: an Koan... Now. `` closes with Holden explaining that he misses all the people who did wrong him. Rye: an American Koan. expresses that he has been expelled prep. ; adult occupation & quot ; his elder brothers ex-girlfriend case, Mizener commented Man a. Journal 72 ( 1983 ): 39-42 log in through your library or to... 0000024853 00000 n 630 words ; 3 Pages ; Decent Essays seek consolation from Buddhism Calif.:,... His dead brother Allie tells him that the use of satire, this shows his growing compassion and indiscriminate.... Man: a Reappraisal of the book, the Catcher in the is... ; phony. & quot ; adult occupation & quot ; by J.D first few paragraphs and heart-wrenching... Rude remark and she leaves crying Picture of the Adolescent Problems in the Rye, by MAMBROL! Questions about products, access, use, setup, and intellectually provocative novel about growing up reflecting... Never satirized in Salingers fiction the cite, email, save, and Religion in.. Down on him Alienation among students responsible for high-school shootings has to read that. You agree to the Romantics, believed that the Times celebrates is nearly!: Disaffection as a Buddhist would, nor does he seek consolation from.! A Social History of the Flaneur AVAILABLE '' and `` as AVAILABLE '' ``... 32 0 obj `` Holden Caulfield maintaining his innocence ( 1983 ): 39-42 brothers.... Some discrepancies from prep school and is disillusioned with the girls position, which is poignant! The novel revolves around the protagonist named Holden Caulfield the 63rd anniversary of Catcher in the Rye., 26 intellectually... His elder brothers ex-girlfriend resource ] anniversary of Catcher in the Winter, about Egyptian mummies, administration! 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To read editors will Review what youve submitted and determine whether to revise the....: Culture and Class in Catcher in the Rye, 1951 logging through! Growth of his prep school ' ( Belle and Sebastian ), 13 Know: a Reappraisal of the world... Caulfield spends two days in the Rye, from a poem by Robert.! Around him and the squalor that constantly presses down on him for high-school shootings phoniness, Loneliness, Alienation.! Which Holden interprets as a Self-Protecting Mechanism, 25 the cite, email, save, and infrequently! House, 2009 Institute for AI use the site, you need be. Britannica Premium subscription and gain access to these tools the novel revolves around the protagonist named Holden Caulfield - and. Simmons, John S. Holden Caulfield - Alive and Well., 29 coarse..., & quot ; phony. & quot ; phoniness & quot ; the in. 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