If you'd prefer to jump directly to the code here's a link to the demos. The main column of that page has a fixed layout, set at 730 pixels wide. What Fixed Width Layouts Are Those layouts that begin with a particular width as chosen by the web designer are called fixed width layouts. Using Terms You can apply different rules to different pages, depending on the layout and the goals; only one liquid page rule can be applied to a page at a time. you want more information.) Start / Create a Website: The Beginner's A-Z Guide, https://www.thesitewizard.com/thesitewizard.xml, read more about how to subscribe to I know that the above explanation only raises new questions for most of you, like "what's the significance of using 'em' and '%'?" This can require horizontal scrolling and a site that doesnt look good on tablets or smartphones. We are Expertise in Web Service, Like Website Designing, Website Promotion, Internet Marketing, Search Engine Optimization, If you want to see your business growth & want to see live your business dont think anything, feel free to show your. A fixed design is one that has a specific width and does not scale to fit the browser window. See Liquid layouts. Designers may not use fluid page designs for various reasons, but the layouts benefits are often overlooked. RSS site feeds from my RSS FAQ. an "elastic" layout. This article attempts to explain the difference When used correctly, elastic layouts can bring the biggest benefits of both other types<. Can't I specify the font and thus effectively create a fixed width page?". Making the text smaller in such a design will reduce the width or height, and enlarging the text will have the opposite effect. A hybrid layout in Dreamweaver uses a combination of "em" and "%" as its unit of measurement. Fixed Width . The major con, IMO, to a fixed-width layout is the fact that it looks too small on larger screens and too big on smaller screens. What is liquid layout on website? "In what sense is such a layout relative? Its a very subjective area, but one which you'll have to choose between. W3Schools analysis found a whopping 0% of users have this screen resolution. Basically, it's the result of different webmasters all over the world trying to describe Adaptive is form of responsive design. (etc)". Widths are the same for every browser, so there is less hassle with images, forms, video and other content that are fixed-width. the Dreamweaver Tutorial It's not quite the same effect, but it's an easy way to fill an entire space with an image. He happened to be using a web editor that used these terms in its templates list. Sci-fi episode where children were actually adults. STEP 2: Optionally, add Adobe Liquid Layout page rules to help adapt content to different aspect ratios and sizes. They leave large expanses ofwhite spacein larger monitors, resulting in a lot of unused space and more scrolling vertically than might otherwise be necessary. If you That is, if you have a sentence that says "This sentence spans from the left margin to the right" that Fixed-width layouts force horizontal scrolling in smaller browser windows. For designers who want to accommodate the approximately 10% of users with a 800x600 screen resolution, the 760-pixel-wide layout works well, and is still suitable for larger screens. A fixed-width layout may create excessive white space for users with larger screen resolutions, thus upsetting divine proportion, the Rule of Thirds, overall balance and other design principles. Dreamweaver, or the BlueGriffon Tutorial, to fit the window, so everything looks really small. So they tend to make the main columns of pages a fixed width, but make headers, footers, and side columns more flexible to take up the remaining real estate and not lose the capacity of larger browsers. Otherwise, the content area expands and contracts as needed, and smart use of CSS covers situations in which the sidebar and internal content could clash. be used interchangeably. A fixed width site is a more consistent experience and is faster to develop than a variable width site. Guess that means that its a working compromise. Click "Edit | Copy" from the menu. Liquid Layouts: These are layouts where the width of the entire page is flexible depending on how wide the viewer's browser is. Most people don't like to scroll horizontally. and By clicking Post Your Answer, you agree to our terms of service, privacy policy and cookie policy. Now shrink your The first basic difference between the fixed-width type of layout we've just analyzed and liquid layouts is the measurements of their size. Since the width of the page is fixed, such a layout is called a fixed layout. An explanation of how one designer uses a mix of all three to get the best results: Using min/max for the whole page, so itll stay within 600 - 1200px and centers above. It is sometimes also called a "flexible" layout and A fixed website layout has a wrapper that is a fixed width, and the components inside it have either percentage widths or fixed widths. You can always change it later, If youve decided on a fixed page design, you should know these few tricks to get around the cons of this layout and create a successful design. The main difference is that Fluid Layouts (also called Liquid Layouts) are based on proportionally laying out your website so elements take up the same percent of space on different screen sizes, while Responsive Design uses CSS Media Queries to present different layouts based on screen sizes/type of screen. I've been in web design and development for quite a while now and there have been very few times I've ever used liquid layouts on a website. rev2023.4.17.43393. To adapt layouts when changing existing page sizes. Try viewing it with your web browser maximized to its images (pictures) in them, which probably describes most websites. However, it is possible for you to design your site so that the scrollbar does not Scanning text becomes a problem sometimes. Text doesn't scroll down when browser windows in minimized. What are possible reasons a sound may be continually clicking (low amplitude, no sudden changes in amplitude). Southeast Asia (Includes Indonesia, Malaysia, Philippines, Singapore, Thailand, and Vietnam) - English, - . By clicking Accept all cookies, you agree Stack Exchange can store cookies on your device and disclose information in accordance with our Cookie Policy. A flexibile layout means it can easily adapt to different screen resolutions. Just the things you can actually use. Two approaches each present with varying strengths and weaknesses. Learn the difference between fixed width and liquid layouts, and how they are created. They're very useful if trying to create a site that will fit both large and small screens. Getting around this is simple, though, with an IE-specific expression. Website Design Tutorials and Articles > More about Or to design the horizontal and vertical layouts for devices such as the Apple iPad or Android tablets. Only one liquid page rule can be applied to a page at a time. Privacy Choose a liquid page rule to apply to the alternate layout. I would suggest not scaling your header graphic; most browsers are terrible at image scaling (nearest neighbor what?) The content of the page If it's wide enough, the site will wrap text around it, otherwise, it will display the article text below the ad. Real polynomials that go to infinity in all directions: how fast do they grow. wanted to give users the freedom to choose between "em" and "%" as the unit of measurement for a fluid layout. Kyrnin, Jennifer. How is the 'right to healthcare' reconciled with the freedom of medical staff to choose where and when they work? Who knows, give it another decade or so, and things may well settle down. Two good points in support of fluid-width layouts: Mobile phones, such as the iPhone, and games consoles are becoming viable alternatives for web browsing. Liquid-width layouts allow an efficient use of the space provided by any given browser window or screen resolution. How can I detect when a signal becomes noisy? Your website design affects your site's responsiveness and adaptiveness. Such a page layout, which stretches or shrinks to fill the browser window according to its size, is called, among other things, a "relative" layout. Fluid & Elastic Layout A fluid layout is defined in percent of the Viewports. Comment by Calrion on About Fluid- and Fixed-Width Layouts CSS Fixed layouts are layouts with fixed width in px or em, exp 960px, 1200px, 1170px, 1320px etc. writing about it did not have a set vocabulary to fall back on, so everyone just coined something in an attempt to describe what they were doing. To add a liquid guide, first select the page tool, then pull out the guides from the ruler. Other research sources show different findings, but only slightly different. Expression Web Tutorial, With a fixed-width layout you can create something which will be viewed the same on all browsers. for the words in my navigation menu. Fixed-Width Layouts: These are layouts where the width of the entire page is set with a specific numerical value. a fixed layout gives you a greater measure of control, making sure that the things in your page will appear in the same position as Select another rule to apply new liquid page rules. Otherwise, for users with large screen resolutions, the entire layout will be tucked away in the corner. way, the website appears with a constant size no matter how big the browser window is, or what sort of font is chosen for the page. Text lines will not get too wide (600px max), and the page doesnt break too early under stress. Is the amplitude of a wave affected by the Doppler effect? The "fixed" layout in Dreamweaver uses pixels as its unit of measure for specifying the width of your content. However, a fixed format is not without its costs. This article discusses the pros and cons of each type of layout. "Fixed Width Layouts Versus Liquid Layouts." 02. The image is on the link I posted in the comment to the question. Why not use an tag for your header image (masthead) instead of using a background image? Fixed Width. Its advantage lies in the fact that if you make sure that the total width of your page adds up to less than 100%, 8. as that mentioned in the above section on What's The Difference Between Liquid, Elastic, Relative, Fluid, Flexible and Fixed Layouts? The same hacks for IE/win. What screws can be used with Aluminum windows? Let's start with the 2 column liquid layout. This kind of web layout becomes compromised when visitors try to increase the font size. To resize the page, press Alt (Windows) or Option (Mac OS) and then drag. (The simplest way is not to place an Moreover, what are the pros and cons of moving to a fixed width layout, and the other (unseen) ramifications of using one layout over another? Many designers prefer fixed layouts to fluid ones because theyre easier to make and provide more assurance that what the designer sees, the user sees. CSS Fluid Layouts or Elastic layouts are layouts with width in percentage or vw or auto. What information do I need to ensure I kill the same process, not one spawned much later with the same PID? (Don't worry about the minority who create very small browser window For example, the left side of the frame can have a relationship only with the left edge of the page. It appears that the width of 960px is the most widely used size for fixed-layout websites The. Smashing Magazine, for example, uses a fluid Web page layout, and to make it simple only the top black-and-orange navigation bar expands, depending on the users situation. And CSS doesn't have columns (yet sigh even IE8 won't support it), The philosopher who believes in Web Assembly, Improving the copy in the close modal and post notices - 2023 edition, New blog post from our CEO Prashanth: Community is the future of AI. Do you find this article useful? The percent has the normal meaning you are used to from mathematics. The Smashing. How to turn off zsh save/restore session in Terminal.app. Can a rotating object accelerate by changing shape? In order for the space in the navigation menu column to be too small for the words, the size of your columns depend on the size of the fonts used on your page. My opinion is that it is more difficult to dezign a liquid layouts because it can vary quite a bit from one window size to another Is the extra complexity worth it ? The page snaps back to original size when you release it. maximum width it can have. A layout wherever the content is fixed and also the background is fluid makes an attempt to create fixed width layouts seem a lot of fluid than they really are. Click "Edit | Select All" to select everything on the page. We try to limit the space available because. font for the page, your page will appear to be perfectly zoomed in, with every sentence appearing in the exact relative location you designed it. With practical takeaways, live sessions, video recordings and a friendly Q&A. Thanks for contributing an answer to Stack Overflow! Fluid web page design can be more user-friendly, because it adjusts to the users set up. To apply a liquid page rule, select the Page tool and click a page. These designs are wrapped with a div . You're not restricted to Use Alternate Layouts if you require different page sizes for print or digital publishing within the same document. Responsively Retrofitting An Existing Site With RWD Retrofit, Responsive Web Design: What It Is And How To Use It, Responsive Web Design Techniques, Tools and Strategies. Just look around. Connect and share knowledge within a single location that is structured and easy to search. While most sites don't need this level of complexity, it demonstrates a way to take advantage of larger screens without impacting the display on smaller screens. often because their eyesight is poor and they need larger fonts. Comment by Georg on About Fluid- and Fixed-Width Layouts No problems whatsoever.. Fixed-width layouts are much easier to use and easier to customize in terms of design. STEP 1: Choose a target device and its corresponding dimension and orientation. Even given the first pro above, this type of layout can create a huge problem with usability. Text becomes hard to read if the lines grow to long. normal My suggestion in such a case is that if you are following a tutorial series (such as one As a web designer, its important to embrace that your website is going to look different in various browsers and on different devices. There is no need for min-width or max-width, which isnt supported by every browser anyway. Apply liquid page rules to determine how objects on a page are adapted when you create alternate layouts and change the size, orientation, or aspect ratio. Real users don't surf with windows shrunk to such a small size. Sometimes using two layers, one or the tag for a repeating element of the image and another for the fixed element. (the navigation column). Liquid page rules are useful if you're targeting multiple devices. This is particularly so for web pages that have With incredibly large screen resolutions, a lack of content may create excess white space that can diminish aesthetic appeal. Alternative ways to code something like a table within a table? And we'll assume your markup looks roughly like this: We can set the #page element to an elastic width and apply a background image to the #masthead element: What happens here is that the #masthead element will expand to the width of the #page element, which will be somewhere between 800px and 1600px wide (inclusive) depending on how wide the browser window is. Why is current across a voltage source considered in circuit analysis but not voltage across a current source? The editor labels its layouts "fixed", "liquid", "elastic" (Dreamweaver CS4 and earlier only) and "hybrid" (Dreamweaver CS4 and earlier only). Cookies collect information about your preferences and your devices and are used to make the site work as you expect it to, to understand how you interact with the site, and to show advertisements that are targeted to your interests. What kind of image is it? This is the layout I learned during my University days. PPC This is more efficient than the previous Layout Adjustment feature. The editor includes several blank web design templates which web designers can use if they wish. Liquid page rules are useful if you're targeting multiple devices. No matter what screen resolution the visitor has, he or she will see the same width as other visitors. Each side of an object's bounding box or frame can either be fixed, or relative to its corresponding page edge. Fixed websites have a set width, and resizing the browser or viewing it on different devices won't affect on the way the website looks. If I gave this kind of This is a WYSIWYG (What You See Is What You Get) web editor 6. Other names for such a layout include a "liquid" or "fluid" layout, since the page spreads itself to fill the width of a browser window "Fixed Width Layouts Versus Liquid Layouts." (I'm just guessing, but this is probably one of the reasons why the latest versions of Dreamweaver no longer provide a A. Whatever the screen-size is, the layout will remain same. image so wide that it takes a large window for it to be displayed in its entirety.). That is, if the width of the page is set to 80%, it means 80% of the Of all the methods listed, the elastic layout type is the most subservient to your content as it gives the content itself the deciding position as to how the layout should scale. In such a case, the main challenge isnt the excess of white space in large screen resolutions, but rather the small percentage of users with a small screen resolution. Does higher variance usually mean lower probability density? Affiliate Program Below are two designs that use percentage widths to accommodate different screen resolutions. site adapts to a mobile phone's Before we dive into fluid design, we have to take a step back and review another term: fixed widths. See Linked Content. to switch from a liquid to a fixed layout (and vice versa), How to Creating identical web pages becomes easy. When an auto layout frame is set to Fixed width or height, the values of the frame's dimensions remain the same regardless of the content within them. Negligible control can be exerted when such layout is in use. If they choose a smaller font, the columns will shrink. For some examples of both kinds of design, see Inspiration: Fluid & Responsive Design. For most How to Set the Height of a DIV Relative to a Browser Window (CSS), How to Generate the Free Let's Encrypt SSL Certificate on Your Own (Windows) Computer, How to Insert Meta Tags into a Web Page with BlueGriffon, How to Play a Song (or Some Other Audio Clip) from a List on a Website, How to Draw a Horizontal Line on a Web Page with Expression Web. The right choice depend on what are your needs. "What is a Fixed Layout?". They are often preferred by designers who have a lot of information n to get across in as little space as possible, as they remain consistent in size and relative page weights regardless of who is viewing the page. What is Fixed Design. This is, however, a separate issue from using a relative, Images, video and other types of content with set widths may need to be set at multiple widths to accommodate different screen resolutions. Liquid layouts make it easier to design content for multiple page sizes, orientations, or devices. resizes to adapt to the size of the browser window displaying it or the font used on the page. Personnaly I find liquid layouts are always harder to work with, but they look nicer when it is nicely designed. In this question, it is said in the most upvoted answer: Why this is considered a good practice ? @Thomas: You're right, sorry for that. Text doesn't scroll down when browser windows in minimized. I have a tutorial on how It is considered relative because a 16 point font has a different height from, say, a 12 point font. A fixed website layout has a wrapper that is a fixed width, and the components inside it have either percentage widths or fixed widths. To adapt layouts when creating new pages in the same document using alternate layouts. What could a smart phone still do or not do and what would the screen display be if it was sent back in time 30 years to 1993? In terms of usability, fluid is probably best for savvy users, as their browser width is in control. Withdrawing a paper after acceptance modulo revisions? What about revealing more or less of the image as the browser is resized, rather than scaling the image? Two CSS properties, min-width and max-width, can be used to create a fixed width if the users screen is too small or too big for the layout to be usable. Why are there so many different terms for the same thing? It is generally a bad idea to create a layout where text-columns expand to the browser with. Some layout can be made liquid and work perfectly fine, while others must be fixed (like the one you described). Then choose a liquid page rule from the control bar. show under the normal These fields display the size of the alternate layout. They flex with the size of the window, even if the current viewer changes his browser size as he's viewing the site. This designer makes some great points about working with other people who will be using the layout and may not know as much about Web design: Comment by madr on Where Have All the Flexible Designs Gone? For all four major websites in the study, there was a complete turnaround. However, the pros and cons come out even with fluid-layout design. Another reason why liquid layouts are chosen by web designers is that they can adjust easily to different screen resolutions without any trouble. Pictures have a fixed width, specified in pixels, and thus will That said, it's also possible to make things so that your The goal is to have everything grow larger or smaller in proportion with the users preference. If the column on your web page contains only words, with no pictures or other elements, and your visitor specifies a larger not occur for most visitors using your site normally. firm in Utah to help you with web designing. scrollbars as far as possible, while at the same time ensuring that your navigation menu is always wide enough for all the words to appear in the Here are the three biggest advantages of selecting fixed width layouts. article. A portfolio website, for example, would probably be best shown in a fixed-width layout, so that you have more control over the design. What I didn't like was "Just look around, how many websites nowadays have a liquid layout?". This article is copyrighted. web page. PHP Spellcaster Dragons Casting with legendary actions? 10.Logo Designing etc.. Our Technical Skills In Web Promotion- The marketing factor of your website through online branding and aesthetics also gets affected by the kind of web layout you use. 5. The fixed-width layouts are measured. Update the question so it can be answered with facts and citations by editing this post. Fixed layouts are layouts that start with a specific size as stipulated by the web designer. 2023 Treehouse Island, Inc. Even if a website is designed to be compatible with the smallest screen resolution, 800x600, the content will still be wide enough at a larger resolution to be easily legible. I find this difficult because you can test the layout on your screen and not know how it appears on someone else's, and (for ex.) 2. Fluid websites are built using percentages for widths. Difference between fixed and Fluid layouts. I am a fresher working on responsive website designing. The result is similar to letterboxing or pillarboxing on HD television screens. See the websites which have a liquid layout and ask yourself why they have a liquid layout. Our terms of usability, fluid is probably best for savvy users, as their browser width is in.. Alternative ways to code something like a table a fixed width page? `` like was `` look. Page rule can be exerted when such layout is in control nowadays a! A friendly Q & a show under the normal meaning you are used difference between fixed width layouts and liquid layouts. No sudden changes in amplitude ) of 960px is the most widely size... Page snaps back to original size when you release it control can be made liquid and perfectly. Adjustment feature used on the page is fixed, such a layout where text-columns expand to the size of page! The screen-size is, the columns will shrink wave affected by the web designer what. ; most browsers are terrible at image scaling ( nearest neighbor what? display the size of the entire is. Ca n't I specify the font used on the link I posted in the.... With large screen resolutions responsive design help you with web designing in amplitude ) bounding or. Multiple devices text does n't scroll down when browser windows in minimized, agree! These fields display the size of the image and another for the fixed.... Everything looks really small that it takes a large window for it be! With facts and citations by editing this Post with practical takeaways, live sessions, video recordings and friendly... More efficient than the previous layout Adjustment feature fluid layout is called a fixed layout see is what you )! Site is a more consistent experience and is faster to develop than a variable site. Like was `` Just look around, how many websites nowadays have liquid. Others must be fixed, or the font and thus effectively create a fixed.. Present with varying strengths and weaknesses fixed, such a layout is defined in percent of the.... The biggest benefits of both other types < a layout where text-columns expand to question... Guide, first select the page doesnt break too early under stress learned my. Pro above, this type of layout chosen by web designers can use if they choose a to. Or the tag for your header graphic ; most browsers are terrible at image scaling ( nearest neighbor?! Users with large screen resolutions can be applied to a fixed design is one has. Information do I need to ensure I kill the same width as other.... Or she will see the websites which have a liquid page rule can be answered facts. Fluid layout is defined in percent of the image is on the page the is. Browser maximized to its corresponding page edge site 's responsiveness and adaptiveness do n't surf windows... Screen resolutions % '' as its unit of measurement the image as the browser window or resolution... That page has a fixed layout, set at 730 pixels wide learned during my University days users., you agree to our terms of service, privacy policy and cookie.! Matter what screen resolution best for savvy users, as their browser width is in use this type layout. He or she will see the same document sense is such a layout text-columns., how to Creating identical web pages becomes easy is that they can adjust easily different! More or less of the image is resized, rather than scaling the image fluid. It 's the result is similar to letterboxing or pillarboxing on HD television screens or Elastic layouts can the... Why this is simple, though, with a fixed-width layout you create. Rule can be made liquid and work perfectly fine, while others must be fixed like! ( like the one you described ) then drag she will see the websites which a. Entirety. ) of measurement using alternate layouts if you & # x27 t. Which have a liquid page rule from the control bar width is in use then pull out guides... A sound may be continually clicking ( low amplitude, no sudden changes in amplitude.! Ratios and sizes so wide that it takes a large window for it to displayed. Its a very subjective area, but the layouts benefits are often overlooked to long that will fit large. Show different findings, but only slightly different a large window for it to be displayed in its list! Text smaller in such a design will reduce the width of difference between fixed width layouts and liquid layouts content flexibile layout means it can adapt... Liquid layout and ask yourself why they have a liquid page rule to apply to the of! Very useful if trying to create a site that will fit both large and small.! Web page design can be answered with facts and citations by editing this Post of! To the alternate layout web layout becomes compromised when visitors try to the. Or Elastic layouts can bring the biggest benefits of both kinds of design, see Inspiration: fluid amp!, select the page content for multiple page sizes, orientations, or devices pages becomes easy cookie. Edit | Copy & quot ; Edit | select all & quot ; Edit select! Will shrink your content what fixed width layouts are Those layouts that start with the same process, not spawned! A page font used on the page the width of the image is on the page tool then... Exerted when such layout is defined in percent of the space provided by any given browser window width. Becomes easy design templates which web designers can use if they choose a liquid guide, first the. Need to ensure I kill the same thing compromised when visitors try to increase the font size sizes... Text will have the opposite effect good on tablets or smartphones early under stress clicking ( low,! Can be answered with facts and citations by editing this Post they grow and how they are created experience! Strengths and weaknesses if trying to describe Adaptive is form of responsive design Post! And enlarging the text smaller in such a layout where text-columns expand to the browser with the. A problem sometimes a signal becomes noisy easily to different aspect ratios sizes! At image scaling ( nearest neighbor what? changes in amplitude ) I need to ensure I the. Require different page sizes for print or digital publishing within the same thing the users set up are two that! Terms of service, privacy policy and cookie policy on tablets or smartphones reason why liquid layouts make it to... % '' as its unit of measurement session in Terminal.app, because it adjusts to the question websites. Can adjust easily to different screen resolutions without any trouble to a fixed format is not without its costs text-columns. Repeating element of the page is set with a specific numerical value savvy users, as their browser is! That they can adjust easily to different screen resolutions, the entire layout will remain same our terms of difference between fixed width layouts and liquid layouts. Result of different webmasters all over the world trying to create a huge problem usability... Specific width and liquid layouts are layouts with width in percentage or vw or auto, give another... Are terrible at image scaling ( nearest neighbor what? two layers one! 600Px max ), how to turn off zsh save/restore session in Terminal.app it adjusts to the alternate layout easy! A small size browser anyway specific width and does not scale to fit browser! Original size when you release it information do I need to ensure I kill the same PID if! Will have the opposite effect easier to design content for multiple page sizes for print or digital publishing within same! Em '' and `` % '' as its unit of measure for specifying the width or,. Often because their eyesight is poor and they need larger fonts fine, while others must fixed! Alternative ways to code something like a table structured and easy to search possible a... Current source choose a liquid page rule from the ruler they & # x27 ; re multiple. To read if the lines grow to long in the corner ( and vice versa ), how websites... Found a whopping 0 % of users have this screen resolution the visitor has, or. Are often overlooked has the normal These fields display the size of the page is fixed such. Is current across a voltage source considered in circuit analysis but not across... They can adjust easily to different screen resolutions a variable width site its unit measure. Am a fresher working on responsive website designing measure for specifying the width or height, and they... Is considered a good practice though, with a particular width as chosen the., a fixed layout you are used to from mathematics size when you release.. What are possible reasons a sound may be continually clicking ( low amplitude, no changes! Dimension and orientation screen-size is, the layout I learned during my University days zsh session. Was a complete turnaround out even with fluid-layout design bad idea to create a fixed layout and! Only one liquid page rule, select the page is set with a specific as. Perfectly fine, while others must be fixed, or devices previous layout Adjustment feature ; most browsers terrible! Its a very subjective area, but they look nicer when it is possible you... Of design, see Inspiration: fluid & amp ; Elastic layout a fluid layout is defined in of... This question, it 's the result is similar to letterboxing or pillarboxing HD. Users do n't surf with windows shrunk to such a design will the. Discusses the pros and cons of each type of layout to describe Adaptive is of.